Assessment for Roma in Italy

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Risk Assessment | Analytic Summary | References

Risk Assessment

Based on their historical experience, Roma throughout Europe tend to avoid confrontation with authorities and migrate when threatened. There is no present basis among the Roma of Italy for militant political action. While the Roma have rarely engaged in protest, they do possess several factors that establish a potential for protest: they are targets of discrimination; they face political and cultural restrictions; and they are targets for acts of repression. What they lack is the cohesion and political organization necessary for campaigns of political action. Limited media coverage of their situation, and of attacks on them, may contribute to the fact that anti-Roma prejudice and active discrimination remain a festering problem in Italy. As elsewhere in Europe, the Roma's economic, social and political disadvantages serve as both cause and consequence of the prejudice and discrimination of dominant groups against them.

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Analytic Summary

The Roma first arrived in Italy in the 1400s and have since spread throughout the country, concentrating primarily on the fringes of urban areas (GROUPCON = 1). While the Roma differ from other Italians linguistically (LANG = 1), it is their lifestyle (CUSTOM = 1) and physical appearance (RACE = 1) that identify them as Roma and has led to stigmatization and discrimination against them. As is the case elsewhere in Europe there is considerable prejudice against the Roma in Italy. They are stereotyped as lazy thieves and beggars who are leeches on society.

The group faces considerable demographic stress as a result of higher birth rates and poor health conditions compared to the rest of the country. There is also a considerable influx of Roma into Italy from East Central Europe, which makes a bad situation worse. Politically and economically they are marginalized from Italian society (POLDIS06 = 3; ECODIS06 = 3). While the Roma do not face cultural restrictions, racism toward them is widespread and recently the Italian government has attempted to restrict their movements and to dictate where they can live.

The Roma in Italy have also been subjected to overt government repression, ranging from reports of many group members being arrested and tortured while in custody, to destruction of their property including homes (REPGENCIV04-06 = 4). The mayor of one town reportedly ordered local farmers to spray Roma houses with manure. Beyond government repression, Italians have protested against the presence of the group in their community and called for the separation of Romani children in schools.

Despite the bad conditions under which the Roma live they lack political organizations. Each Roma clan or extended family appears to act independently from the next. Only the umbrella organization Opera Nomadi and the European Roma Rights Center provide advocacy for the Roma in Italy (GOJPA = 1).

A major Roma grievance is with the government's policy of creating Roma ghettos with unsatisfactory living environments. They are also concerned with the quality of education that their children receive. The Italian government has created Roma schools but has found it difficult to staff them with qualified teachers. The Roma also seek better economic opportunities and protection from day-to-day prejudice and community harassment.

While the Roma's situation in Italy is poor, they have virtually never used political action to call attention to their plight. Only in 1995 was there an act of overt Roma protest (PROT95 = 3), directed against the country's immigration laws. No militant activities have been attributed to the Roma, past or present.

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References

European Roma Rights Centre. Various reports. http://www.errc.org/.

LexisNexis. Various news reports. 1990-2006.

Minority Rights Group. Various reports. http://www.minorityrights.org/.

Sigona, Nando. 2005. "Locating 'The Gypsy Problem'. The Roma in Italy: Stereotyping, Labelling and 'Nomad Camps'." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 31:4.

Trentin, Rosanna. 2006. "Scholastic Integration of Gypsies in Italy Teachers' Attitudes and Experience." School Psychology International 27:1. 79-103

U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Italy. 1990-1994, 2000-2006.

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