Assessment for Mainland Chinese in Taiwan

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Risk Assessment | Analytic Summary | References

Risk Assessment

Taiwan has evolved into a highly democratic civil society. While collective political action is common, protestors do not now advocate separate interests of the Taiwanese and the Mainland Chinese. There has been no rebellion among either the Taiwanese or the Mainland Chinese in the last half-century. The absence of rebellion is most likely to continue in the future because Taiwan has a democratic regime, and therefore the government is likely to be responsive to both groups in reforming and improving its policies. Moreover there are no significant armed conflicts over ethnic issues in adjoining countries that might have spillover effects on Taiwan. And virtually all Taiwanese share a common interest in maintaining their autonomy vis-à-vis the People’s Republic of China, which overrides any residual concerns about communal differences.

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Analytic Summary

"Taiwanese" refers to descendants of ethnic Chinese immigrants who came to Taiwan from Mainland China in the 17th century; whereas "Mainland Chinese" refers to those who settled in Taiwan after 1945, many of whom came with General Chiang-Kai-Shek's Nationalist Party (KMT) forces in 1949, following their defeat by the Communists on the mainland. Although many Mainland Chinese continue to live in veteran communes, both groups are widely dispersed on the island (GROUPCON = 0).

In the first 40 years of KMT rule, the Taiwanese were excluded from political participation; only the Mainland Chinese had political access and privileges. During this period the Taiwanese and the Mainland Chinese were divided into separate and mutually resentful political camps and social communities, a division reinforced by the political repression used by the Mainland Chinese to control the Taiwanese majority and the groups' leaders.

With the end of the Martial Law Era in 1987, and the final lifting of martial law on May 1, 1991, the Taiwanese were freed from political restrictions. In early 1990s the emergence of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), a party that advocates Taiwanese nationalism and separatism, both challenged and balanced the power of the Mainland Chinese. The Taiwanese, given that they have gained greater economic status and the fact that they far outnumber the Mainland Chinese, reversed the situation and took control of the island's politics. Today native Taiwanese are the majority in the KMT, DPP, and People First Party (PFP, established in 2001), though the chairman of the PFP was James Soong, a Mainland Chinese, until December 2006. The Mainland Chinese face no economic or political discrimination (ECDIS04-06 = 0; POLDIS04-06 = 0). Furthermore, most Mainland Chinese seem to have accepted – and some have welcomed – increased participation in Taiwan’s politics by ethnic Taiwanese. No intercommunal conflict between the two groups has been reported.

There also is an ongoing shift in Taiwanese identity, whereby much of the Taiwanese population has come to identify with the term "Taiwanese" rather than as "Chinese". The same trend is evident among Mainland Chinese. In contrast to their traditional identity as "Chinese," some have now begun to identify themselves as Taiwanese" as well. This tendency was highlighted during the election campaigns for parliament and local offices in 1998, when, four days before the election, KMT chairman and then-President Lee Teng-Hui - himself a Taiwanese - called the Mainland Chinese Taipei mayoral candidate Ma Ying-Jeou a "New Taiwanese." The advocacy contributed to Ma's close victory over Chen Shui-Bian, the popular Taiwanese DPP incumbent. Use of the concept of New Taiwanese has become an indicator of reconciliation between the two groups. Although identity remains the most controversial issue in politics, social and cultural differences seem to have dwindled over time. In addition, the enhancement of the Taiwanese's economic status and intermarriage also help reduce the discrepancies between the two groups.

Correlating with the search for a common identity and the quest for international recognition of the country, the major grievance of the Taiwanese concerns "Taiwanization," that is, the promotion of Taiwanese lifeways and culture, which is believed by more and more Taiwanese to be distinct from Mainland Chinese culture. The promotion of the Taiwanese dialect (in contrast to the official language, Mandarin Chinese), or other ethnic dialects, is the most obvious instance. Further, promotion of the Aboriginal Taiwanese culture has become a way of emphasizing the distinctiveness and particularity of the Taiwanese culture by contrast with Mainland Chinese culture. Critics regard these policies as tools used in order to compete with Mainland China, but the government rejects this.

The main grievance of the Mainland Chinese is unsurprisingly a result of the “Taiwanization” movement, and lies in their desire to preserve Mainland Chinese culture. It must be noted, however, that the two grievances are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Demands for benefits for one group only while intentionally excluding the other are rare. The increasing coherence of the society, taking the Taiwanese and the Mainland Chinese as a whole, will determine their future relationship to Mainland China.

No rebellion by Mainland Chinese has been reported in recent years (REB04-06 = 0). Sporadic protests, which occurred in the past, appear to have died down (PROT04-06 = 0).

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References

The Europa Yearbook, Far East and Australia 1993.

Far Eastern Economic Review, 1990-93.

Ger, Yeong-kuang, "Challenges and Responses after the 14th Kuomentang Party Congress", World Outlook, Vol.2, No.5, 1993.

Keesings Record of World Events, 1990-93.

Lexis-Nexis news reports, 1990-06.

Mainland Affairs Council, Rep. of China, "There is no `Taiwan Question', There is only a China Question', World Outlook, Vol. 2, No.5, Sept-Oct. 1993.

Phase I, Minorities at Risk, overview compiled by Monty G. Marshall, 08/89.

Richburg, Keith B., "China Fails to Sway Election in Taiwan", Washington Post, March 24, 1996.

Taipei Times, various news reports, 2001-2003.

U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001-2003.

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