| Feb 19, 1990 |
A minister of the northeast Indian state of Nagaland escaped a guerrilla assassination bid unhurt. |
| Apr 30, 1990 |
A. Zapu Phizo (aged 83), President of the Naga National Council (NNC), died while living in exile in Bromley, Kent, England. |
| Aug 1990 |
Clashes increased between the Chang, Konyak, and Yimchunger, who are Naga tribal groups. 50 people died and over 100 were injured in four days of clashes over objections to various tribal ceremonies. The Indian army has been ordered to shoot curfew-breakers on-sight in response to violent clashes between Naga tribes who are reverting to traditional head-hunting practices. |
| Nov 6, 1990 |
Border policemen were killed by Naga "extremists". |
| Aug 14, 1991 |
Ten policemen escorting the speaker of the Nagaland state assembly were killed by NSCN extremists. |
| Dec 10, 1991 |
10 security personnel and a driver were killed when Naga rebels ambushed their convoy in a successful attempt to steal 7.3 million rupees (280,000 dollars), a huge sum in India. |
| Dec 15, 1991 |
Naga tribal guerrillas killed five paramilitary policemen and wounded four others when they ambushed their convoy traveling from Manipur's capital Imphal to the town of Leimatak (presumably in Nagaland). |
| Jan 1992 |
Over one thousand Burmese Naga tribals have fled to India over the last two weeks following a military crackdown on ethnic minorities in Myanmar. India has formally protested to Rangoon about the influx of refugees on its northeastern border and has told the Burmese government to take them back. The influx is a result of a crackdown by Burmese troops on militants of the NSCN which has bases in Myanmar's border areas. |
| Jan 30, 1992 |
India held two British citizens, David Ward and Steve Hillman of Naga-Vigil on charges of subversion. Naga-Vigil, which is based in Britain is monitoring human rights violations in India. |
| Mar 28, 1992 |
The state legislature of Nagaland was dissolved and elections called by the central government. Vamuzo, a member of Naga People's Council (NPC), was named interim chief minister. He said elections would be held within three months. |
| Apr 3, 1992 |
India placed Nagaland under direct rule. Officials stated that it was not possible for local authorities to carry on the administration of the state because of the law and order problem. |
| May 8, 1992 |
12 Naga separatists attacked a market in Mokukchung and shot dead four policemen. As of May 1992, India stations about 15 percent of its 1.2 million troops in Nagaland (The Associated Press, 05/12/92). |
| Jun 12, 1992 |
Three officers and 10 men of the Indian army's Gurkha regiment were killed in an ambush by the NSCN. |
| Jul 1992 |
The Indian army and the Assam Rifles carried out a joint operation in Pulomi, in the Kohima district, and captured a major center of the NSCN. |
| Aug 1992 |
The governor's administration invoked the National Security Act of 1980 in Nagaland. The measure was taken in response to the considerable mobilization of the NSCN. Indian troops and the Assam Rifles conducted a joint operation in Eaunch Kumao in the Mau division of Manipur bordering Nagaland. |
| Aug 13, 1992 |
13 members of the NNC (NFG) were killed by armed gunmen of the NSCN. The killing was in retaliation for the alleged cooperation of the NNC with the Indian army in a crackdown on a NSCN camp. |
| Aug 20, 1992 |
Six policemen were killed by NSCN rebels near Sailen village, Manipur. |
| Nov 8, 1992 |
NSCN rebels killed at least 35 villagers in Layshi township of Myanmar near the border of India. |
| Nov 11, 1992 |
Indian intelligence officials said NSCN tribesmen fighting for independence in northeast India planned to double the "loyalty tax" in NSCN-controlled areas, apparently in order to make major arms purchases. A group of Naga rebels killed 15 villagers in Layshi township of Myanmar. |
| Nov 30, 1992 |
About 400 Kuki tribesmen (mostly Christian) fled India's northeastern border state of Manipur after NSCN guerrillas stepped up their attacks. NSCN members believed that the Kukis collaborated with the Indian army. Background to the Naga-Kuki ethnic fighting: The two groups have frequently clashed in the past for control of the lucrative heroin trade route through Moreh, an Indian outpost close to the Burmese border. They are each fighting for a separate homeland of their own and their territories overlap. The Nagas claim that the Kukis (who live on both sides of the Indo-Burmese border) are not indigenous, but were brought in by former rulers (first by the Meitei and then the British) from what are now Myanmar and Bangladesh. The NSCN has been extorting taxes from the Kukis. When the NSCN split, ("recently" according to The Guardian, 09/24/93) the Kukis stopped paying taxes. Both groups have a powerful vested interest in prolonging communal conflicts in order to divert attention from their profitable smuggling of timber, gold, and heroin. Both the Kukis and the Nagas see this trade (especially heroin), as the best way to finance their guerrilla wars against the Indian government. |
| Jan 18, 1993 |
NSCN rebels overran a security unit in Manipur and set ablaze a major telecommunications facility, leaving services out in half of Manipur. |
| Feb 1, 1993 |
NSCN rebels ambushed paramilitary soldiers in Manipur's Senapati area, killing six and injuring five. Two rebels were also killed in the attack. In a separate attack, two paramilitary troopers in another part of Manipur were shot and wounded. |
| Feb 15, 1993 |
Voters went to the polls in Nagaland and the nearby state of Meghalaya to elect new state legislatures. |
| Feb 16, 1993 |
While returning with sealed ballot boxes, five paramilitary troops and six polling officials were slain in a NSCN guerilla ambush near the Tuensang area. Police responded to the ambush by ordering police and soldiers to seal the entire Tuensang area to flush out the guerrillas from their hideouts. |
| Mar 1993 |
Fighting between the NSCN and the Kuki tribe was rekindled over control of a strategic highway. |
| Mar 11, 1993 |
India released David Ward and Stephen Hillman, British Naga-Vigil members, who had joined a band of tribal rebels fighting in the northeastern jungles of India. |
| Apr 2, 1993 |
NSCN guerrillas launched an attack on Tinghkai Knunu village in Manipur, killing eight Kukis. |
| Apr 16, 1993 |
One villager was killed when NSCN guerrillas attacked and set fire to 21 houses in the Myanmar village of Wet Yu, in the Sagaing division. 110 villagers were rendered homeless. |
| Apr 18, 1993 |
NSCN guerrillas shot six Kuki villagers in Sita Kuki. |
| Apr 20, 1993 |
Five young children were burnt to death when NSCN guerrillas attacked and set fire to Bongli village in the Chandel district of India. |
| Apr 22, 1993 |
The Times of India newspaper carried a report stating that Manipur State government authorities have requested help from the Indian Prime Minister and the Indian Army, in fighting insurgent forces (the Kukis and the NSCN). The newspaper also reported that the Kuki Chin terrorist insurgents were receiving (military) aid from the Myanmar government. The Myanmar government denied the accusations. |
| May 3, 1993 |
Police shot dead five NSCN rebels. The shooting occurred while the rebels tried to escape after looting a bank in Mancachar town located in northeastern Assam. There was one arrest and four civilians were injured. |
| May 3 - 4, 1993 |
The Indian army was placed on alert after two days of savage inter-tribal clashes between the Kukis and the Nagas left at least 86 people dead and 130 wounded in Manipur. The government clamped curfews on sensitive areas (including the capital of Manipur, Imphal). |
| May 6, 1993 |
The Indian army deployed troops in Manipur to help deal with the Kuki-Naga ethnic clashes. Police have arrested over 100 people in connection with the violence. |
| May 21, 1993 |
Two suspected NSCN activists were killed and five members of the Kuki Defence Force apprehended in two separate incidents in Chandes and Tobo districts. The NSCN rebels were killed by the Assam Rifles during a combing operation launched by the Assam Rifles at Lelong and Raithaw areas in Kobo district. |
| May 27, 1993 |
NSCN rebels killed one woman and set ablaze 75 houses in Manipur's Ukhrul district. |
| May 28, 1993 |
The Indian army launched a crackdown on insurgents in Manipur. The crackdown was mainly directed at five outlawed groups, including the NSCN. The army crackdown followed fresh violence between the Naga and Kuki tribes in Manipur's Ukhrul district. Three NSCN gunmen and one Kuki militant were also killed in clashes near the Burmese border, officials said, without specifying when. |
| Jun 7, 1993 |
Forty-four houses of the Kuki tribe were set ablaze in Nagaland, allegedly by NSCN rebels. |
| Jun 29, 1993 |
NSCN guerrillas attacked an army convoy just outside of the village of Sita, Manipur, killing 26 soldiers. It was the most serious attack by the rebels in their protracted war against the Indian government. About 20 other soldiers were injured, two civilians and two rebels were also killed. |
| Aug 6 - 8, 1993 |
At least 41 Kukis were killed by NSCN guerrillas in attacks on Kuki villages in Manipur. |
| Aug 10, 1993 |
Prohibitory orders were promulgated in all the 17 tribal areas of Imphal and greater Imphal for two months from August 10. This order was in response to a Kuki revenge attack in which 12 houses were set on file in a Naga village. |
| Aug 13, 1993 |
Indian security forces launched a massive search in Manipur for the NSCN insurgents who ambushed an army column, killing six soldiers and two civilians. Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao was considering imposing direct federal rule in Manipur. |
| Sep 1, 1993 |
More that 50 houses (32 Kuki and 20 Naga) and a Kuki church were set afire in intense Naga-Kuki fighting. |
| Sep 2, 1993 |
Naga leader, Ankim Khumto Anal, a mainstream politician who contested the last state assembly elections, was shot by NSCN rebels. NSCN rebels are also suspected of another recent killing of a Kuki senior leader. |
| Sep 10, 1993 |
Indian troops stormed a base of the outlawed Isaac-Muivah faction of the NSCN at Niuland near Kimapur, killing or wounding at least six rebels. |
| Sep 13, 1993 |
20 NSCN rebels attacked the pro-government Kuki village on the outskirts on Imphal, killing at least 17 villagers. In response to the increasing Naga attacks on Indian armed forces as well as Kuki tribes people, Manipur authorities passed orders giving the army sweeping powers of search and arrest and use of force in that state. |
| Sep 14, 1993 |
30 NSCN Guerrillas raided Zapati village of the rival Kuki tribe, lined up the men and shot them, killing over 100 tribesmen. Police said the raid on the Kuki village followed the NSCN's warning last month to local residents to vacate the predominantly Naga region by September 15. However, the attack came 24 hours prior to the expiry of the "quit notice". It was the deadliest attack the Nagas have ever carried out against the Kuki tribe. |
| Sep 16, 1993 |
In response to the massacre on September 14, the Indian government ordered more than 200 paramilitary reinforcements rushed to the remote states of Manipur and Nagaland. 5,000 additional troops were also being airlifted to the area. Kukis launched a retaliatory raid on a Naga village of 300 people on the outskirts of Imphal, burning down 25 houses. NSCN activists allegedly gunned down 16 Kuki villagers at Gelneng in the Senapati district. Kuki National Army rebels set ablaze all 45 houses of Sadu Khurai, a Naga village in the Senapati district. |
| Sep 17 - 29, 1993 |
The Naga-Kuki clashes are escalating throughout Manipur. Prime Minister Rao is preparing a presidential proclamation to impose direct federal rule in Manipur, according to United Press International. |
| Oct 5, 1993 |
Two Kuki villages were set on fire and at least 77 houses destroyed when Kukis in the Naga dominated area refused to pay taxes to the Naga separatists and refused to be evicted. |
| Oct 6, 1993 |
The leaders of the warring tribes of the Kukis and Nagas appealed for a three-month cease-fire, but the chances the call would be heeded were slim, Manipur Chief Minister Rajdumar Dorendra Singh told Reuters. The joint appeal followed a meeting between Kuki and Naga leaders. |
| Oct 11, 1993 |
NSCN guerrillas ambushed a police convoy on the Tamenglong road, killing two policemen. In a separate attack, 30 NSCN guerrillas fought a 40-minute battle with policemen after attacking their base camp in Litan, killing four policemen, reported Reuters. |
| Oct 21, 1993 |
Over 500 armed Nagas attacked the village of Yangloi Kuki where the Assam Rifles were encamped. They set 100 homes on fire but there were no reported casualties. Four soldiers were injured in an exchange of fire with armed Nagas at Makui Chajang in Tamenglong district. One person was killed and about 819 villagers lost their homes. |
| Dec 4, 1993 |
Kuki militants killed at least one person, injured two others, and burned 250 houses in a Naga village in Churangchanbpur district. |
| Dec 8, 1993 |
NSCN guerrillas ambushed a Border Security Force convoy outside Zungeboto, Nagaland, killing 5 soldiers and wounding 7 others. |
| Dec 15, 1993 |
At least 15 soldiers and one attacker were killed when NSCN separatists allegedly attacked an army convoy near the Nagaland town of Mokokchung. |
| Dec 31, 1993 |
Prime Minister Rao invoked special Constitutional powers to disband the local legislature and impose direct federal rule in the state of Manipur. The move was in response to escalating intertribal warfare and growing attacks on government forces. |
| Jan 4, 1994 |
The Indian army began a massive crackdown on insurgents and anti-social elements indulging in the on-going Kuki-Naga ethnic war in Manipur. The army has sealed exit routes and routinely searches passers-by to check the movement of different underground insurgents. |
| Jan 7, 1994 |
Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was coordinating various underground outfits in northeast India to boost insurgency in the region, according to General N.S. Malik. The General told a group of visiting reporters recently that the Muivah faction of the NSCN along with the Bodo Security Force (BSF), the ULFA of Assam and the PLA of Manipur had recently formed the United Liberation Front of Seven Sisters (ULFSS). Malik said the group was considerably strong and fast expanding its activities to marginalize its rival, the Indo-Burma Revolutionary Front (IBRF), led by the Khaplang faction of the NSCN. The faction under Isaac-Muivah is more predominant in both Manipur and Nagaland than the Khaplang faction and secured the patronage of Bangladesh and the ISI. Earlier, Brigadier Awasti, briefing newsmen in Dimapur, said that ULFA was leaning toward the NSCN-Muivah faction though it still had links with the IBRF, being one of its founder members. |
| Jan 14, 1994 |
In response to intensified insurgent activities in Manipur, Nagaland, and Tripura, the Indian government was to set up a separate armed force to deal with insurgency in the northeast states, reported Xinhua General Overseas News Service. |
| Jan 14, 1994 |
At least two people were killed, three seriously injured and about 50 houses burnt by suspected Naga militants at Yolien Chupi Kuki village in the Ukhurl district of Manipur. This was the first major incident since the imposition of President's rule on the last day of 1993. |
| Jan 18, 1994 |
A group of unidentified armed militants shot dead at least seven Kuki women in Manipur. |
| Jan 19, 1994 |
Forces of the Assam Rifles killed five NSCN guerrillas and captured 17 in a raid on their camp in the Peren sub-division of Kohima district. |
| Feb 12, 1994 |
The Times of India reported that the Naga-Kuki strife in Manipur may be drawing to a close with both communities trying to make amends. |
| Feb 19, 1994 |
At least 18 houses of the tribal Tinou Kuki village in the Chakpikarong district of Manipur were set ablaze by Naga militants. |
| Apr 14, 1994 |
Kohima has been put under a night curfew following incidents of violence involving Naga extremists. Additional companies of the Border Security Force and Assam Rifles were deployed in the town to help restore normalcy. |
| Apr 30, 1994 |
India's state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) halted exploration in Nagaland after a separatist Naga group bombed its offices and warned it to stop all work. |
| May 10, 1994 |
Naga rebels ambushed an army convoy in the state of Manipur, killing four people. A fierce gun battle between the insurgents and security forces lasting more than an hour followed the ambush. |
| May 15, 1994 |
Some 50 NSCN militants invaded the remote village of Sai Pimol in Manipur herding 16 members of the Kuki tribe (mostly women and children) into a church and removing their heads. |
| May 16, 1994 |
The Nagas and the Kukis have signed an agreement to maintain peace and traditional brotherhood in Nagaland. The agreement was signed in Kohima by the leaders of the two organizations of the tribes, Mr. Jelen Dron Huzom and Mr. Kuki Impay. The two-year-old Kuki-Naga clashes in Manipur have raised the specter of more violence with the worst-ever "ethnic cleansing" in India's northeast. At least 68 people have been killed in Nagaland in the past 17 months. |
| May 19 - 23, 1994 |
NSCN guerrillas stormed Kuki villages in Assam setting them ablaze and killing at least seven villagers. |
| May 24, 1994 |
Some 100 activists of a banned NSCN faction have returned after receiving arms training in Bangladesh. |
| May 31, 1994 |
Naga students called for a day-long strike in protest of the Indian state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) warning that oil exploration would not be allowed unless all their demands were met. |
| Jun 1, 1994 |
The Naga Student's Federation (NSF) was protesting the Oil and Natural Gas Commission's drilling of oil without the consent of the local inhabitants of Nagaland. The strike brought to a halt traffic on the Dimapur-Imphal national highway. In Kohima, all shops, business establishments and educational institutions remained closed. Central and state government offices were open with thin attendance. |
| Jun 9, 1994 |
Government figures indicate that 87 soldiers and 410 militants died in Manipur during 1993. Another 316 people were killed in clashes between the Naga and Kuki tribes (Far Eastern Economic Review, 06/09/94). |
| Jun 9, 1994 |
The Governor of Nagaland has accused the state's chief minister, S.C. Jamir, of maintaining links with a faction of the NSCN. Jamir has denied the charges. Analysts indicate that there is a lack of a clear line between local politics and the insurgency. Many of today's mainstream politicians were rebels and they still maintain their ties to their former comrades. A history professor at Manipur University, Gangmumei Kabui states that, "The emerging Naga bourgeoisie have a stake in the insurgency. They say to New Delhi: give us more money to solve it. This is happening in Manipur also" (Far Eastern Economic Review, 06/09/94). |
| Jul 21, 1994 |
At least 22 members of the Kuki tribe were killed by Naga separatists in Manipur. Indian customs officials believe that the two tribes are fighting over a lucrative heroin route from the neighboring Golden Triangle (Reuters, 07/21/94). |
| Jul 28, 1994 |
In what is being referred to as the biggest strike against the NSCN in recent times, Indian police raided a camp run by the organization near the capital of Manipur. Nine NSCN rebels belonging to the Muivah faction and one policeman were killed, while four others were injured during the seven-hour gunbattle (Reuters, 07/28/94). |
| Aug 18, 1994 |
Twenty-three government troops were killed and thirteen others injured when militants, believed to be from the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), attacked a military patrol in Manipur. Security in the state has been increased following recent Naga-Kuki clashes (UPI, 08/18/94; Reuters, 08/19/94). |
| Sep 5, 1994 |
An underground militant group ambushed a routine military patrol in Manipur. At least eight government soldiers were killed (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 09/05/94). |
| Oct 21, 1994 |
Members of the outlawed Kuki National Front hijacked a bus in Noney, Manipur, riddled it with gunfire, and then pushed it down a gorge. Forty-five people were killed including thirty-two Nagas. Naga tribals retaliated by killing two Kuki bus drivers in Manipur (Agence France Presse, 10/21/94). |
| Oct 24, 1994 |
More than 20 Naga rebels attacked a rival Kuki village in Manipur. Two people died and over 21 homes were burnt down (UPI, 10/24/94). |
| Nov 15, 1994 |
Around 20 members of the NSCN surrounded four trucks near the Burmese border and killed nine Kuki passengers (Reuters, 11/15/94). |
| Nov 19, 1994 |
25 Kukis were killed and more than 20 houses set ablaze as Maoist Naga separatists attacked a village in Chandel district, Manipur. A few hours later, Kuki militants burnt down more than 100 houses in a Naga village (Reuters, 11/19/94). |
| Nov 20, 1994 |
The Indian government has extended its ban on three outlawed groups in the northeastern part of the country. The groups are the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), the Bodo Security Force (BSF), and the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA). Officials contend that the NSCN relies heavily on smuggling and the extortion of funds from citizens (Reuters, 11/20/94). |
| Nov 23, 1994 |
Kuki tribesmen attacked a Naga village in Manipur and set fire to all the village's 40 houses (UPI, 11/23/94). |
| Nov 24, 1994 |
The Indian government is deploying additional army troops and paramilitary forces in Manipur following the recent spate of violence between the Naga and Kuki tribes (UPI, 11/24/94). |
| Nov 28, 1994 |
Naga guerrillas pulled a Kuki tribesman from a bus in Manipur and cut his head off in full view of a shocked crowd. In a separate incident in Manipur, government troops shot and killed a Naga activist (UPI, 11/28/94). |
| Dec 14, 1994 |
One year of President's rule has ended in Manipur as Rishang Keishing of the Congress (I) party was sworn in as chief minister. The state was placed under central control after ethnic violence claimed more than 2000 lives in 1992-93 (Xinhua News Agency, 12/14/94). |
| Dec 20, 1994 |
An ambush by Kuki militants in Manipur has resulted in the deaths of 11 federal police officers and 5 civilians. Five policeman were also injured (UPI, 12/20/94). |
| Jan 2, 1995 |
Around 30-40 Naga militants attacked a Kuki village in Senapati district, Manipur, during New Year's celebrations. At least five Kukis were killed and three others injured while eight houses were set ablaze (Xinhua News Agency, 01/02/95). |
| Jan 17, 1995 |
The Joint Action Committee on Transport and Carriers Services launched a 42-hour strike that has virtually brought the Manipur state to a standstill. The transport workers were seeking adequate security from the state and central governments as they argued that a goods and road tax imposed by the Naga underground organization was too much (Xinhua News Agency, 12/17/95). |
| Jan 24, 1995 |
At least seven paramilitary personnel were killed and seven others wounded when they were ambushed by members of the NSCN in Bishenour district, Manipur (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 01/24/95). |
| Feb 16, 1995 |
Sporadic acts of violence occurred as residents in Manipur went to the polls for state assembly elections. Two candidates were killed and a regional election office was bombed. No information was available on who was responsible for the incidents (UPI, 02/16/95). |
| Feb 23, 1995 |
A five-party coalition government, led by the Manipur People's Party, is set to form the new state government (UPI, 02/23/95). |
| Feb 25, 1995 |
Two powerful bomb blasts on a passenger train in Assam have led to the deaths of at least 22 soldiers. Some 30 others were wounded. Police suspect that the NSCN was responsible for the incident (Reuters, 02/25/95). |
| Mar 18, 1995 |
A Naga village in Manipur was set ablaze by Kuki insurgents. No casualties were reported but over 60 houses were destroyed. The day before, the president of the Kuki National Organization was killed by Naga militants (Reuters, 03/18/95). |
| Apr 12, 1995 |
Seven people were killed in various districts in Manipur in clashes between the rival Naga and Kuki tribes (BBC, 04/12/95). |
| May 4, 1995 |
NSCN guerrillas ambushed a paramilitary patrol in Assam, killing five troops and seriously wounding four others (Reuters, 05/04/95). |
| Jun 6, 1995 |
A number of ambushes by the outlawed NSCN across Manipur led to the deaths of six military personnel and two civilians. Four other soldiers and two civilians were injured (BBC, 06/06/95). |
| Jun 7, 1995 |
Clashes between the rival Naga and Kuki tribes in the Indo-Burmese border town of Moreh in Manipur left at least 11 people dead and 23 injured. More than 40 houses were also burnt down (UPI, 06/07/95). |
| Aug 4, 1995 |
Two leaders of the Isaac-Muivah faction of the NSCN were among eight rebels killed by the Indian army following a gunbattle near Kohima, the capital city of Nagaland (Reuters, 08/04/95). |
| Aug 5, 1995 |
Kuki tribespeople attacked a Naga village in Senapati district, Manipur, setting at least 23 houses on fire (BBC, 08/05/95). |
| Nov 3, 1995 |
India's Union Minister of State for Home, M. Kamsen, has appealed to insurgents in the northeastern part of the country to enter negotiations. During a visit to Manipur, Kamsen stated that a lasting peace agreement could only be found within the framework of the Constitution (BBC, 11/03/95) |
| Nov 6, 1995 |
A conference in Thailand organized by the Asia Indigenous People's Pact (AIPP) and other concerned non-governmental groups was attended by more than 50 delegates from all over Asia. A Naga human rights activist, Luingan Lithui, indicated that Asian governments have refused to accept the concept of indigenous peoples. Lithui argued that these governments were unwilling to give up political control over weaker ethnic groups and the natural resources located in their traditional areas of residence. Conference participants demanded that Asian governments accept the 1994 UN draft declaration of indigenous peoples. The document outlines the rights of indigenous peoples, including their right to self-determination (Inter Press Service, 11/06/95). |
| Dec 4, 1995 |
Naga guerrillas attacked a paramilitary patrol in Nagaland. At least nine soldiers were killed and six others injured (Reuters, 12/04/95). |
| Dec 12, 1995 |
The National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) has agreed to refrain from violence during December in honor of Christmas. The group also called on other insurgency groups to halt their attacks during the holiday season. The NSCN is reported to be responsible for an ongoing number of bank robberies and kidnappings for ransom in order to fund their independence movement (UPI, 12/12/95). |
| Dec 18, 1995 |
Burmese opposition radio reports that the country's State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC, the military junta) has increased its troop deployment along the India-Burma border. The move follows the moving of border posts 10 km inside Burma by Burmese Nagas. This would put the Naga who live on the Burmese side in Indian territory. Burmese Nagas are reported to rely on India for all their needs and want to live in India as the Nagas in that country are better off (BBC, 12/18/95). |
| Dec 19, 1995 |
Two civilians and a solider die when a school bus is attacked in Manipur. Officials suspect the NSCN or the Marxist Peoples’ Liberation Army which is active in the state (Reuters, 12/19/95). |
| Feb 8, 1996 |
Officials report that at least seven people were killed after Naga militants ambushed a police convoy in Assam (BBC, 02/08/96). |
| Feb 20, 1996 |
The military believes that the NSCN is responsible for the ambush of an army convoy in Vokha town in Nagaland. Six soldiers were killed. The personnel were in the region to help implement a $3 million rural development project (United Press International, 02/20/96). |
| Feb 23, 1996 |
Prime Minister Narasimha Rao offers to hold unconditional talks with Naga insurgent groups (BBC, 02/23/96). |
| Apr 1 - May 31, 1996 |
The minority Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government collapses. |
| May 6, 1996 |
The Naga Students Federation calls for a boycott of the upcoming federal elections (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 05/06/96). |
| May 23, 1996 |
Six military personnel are reported killed in an ambush in Nagaland (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 05/23/96). |
| Jun 1996 |
The United Front forms a new federal government. Deve Gowda becomes Prime Minister. |
| Sep 19, 1996 |
Authorities indicate that Naga militants are responsible for the deaths of two people in a car bomb attack in Imphal, the capital of Manipur. Some Naga insurgent groups are seeking a greater Nagaland that would include parts of Manipur and other neighboring states (Agence France Presse, 09/19/96). |
| Sep 26, 1996 |
Members of the Naga Peoples Forum for District Integrity Association blockade the road linking Manipur with the rest of India due to a land dispute with state authorities. The Naga organization is opposed to a government plan that would create a new revenue district in the northern Sadar Hills. The proposed district would have a majority Kuki population (Agence France Presse, 09/26/96: Hindu, 07/15/97). |
| Nov 5, 1996 |
The NSCN (I-M) welcomes Prime Minister Gowda’s offer to open peace talks. The organization, which has bases in Burma, warns that a lack of progress could lead it to return to violence (Agence France Presse, 11/05/96). |
| Dec 10, 1996 |
Officials report that NSCN members are likely responsible for the deaths of 30 Kukis who were forcibly removed from a bus in Dimapur town in Nagaland. Clashes between the two tribal groups have claimed hundreds of lives since the early 1990s (Reuters, 12/10/96). |
| Dec 14, 1996 |
Seven Nagas and one security person are reported killed in gunbattles in Nagaland (Reuters, 12/14/96). |
| Dec 31, 1996 |
Naga rebels allegedly shoot a state minister and two family members (Reuters, 12/31/96). |
| Jan 8, 1997 |
A former federal minister, who is acting as a representative of New Delhi, recently met with NSCN (I-M) officials in Thailand. The Indian newspaper, Telegraph reports that the NSCN (I-M) has set three preconditions for talks. These are: the negotiations should focus on sovereignty, talks would be held in a third country, and a third party mediator will be included (Agence France Presse, 01/08/97). |
| Mar 4, 1997 |
India again offers to hold peace talks with both factions of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland. Prime Minister Gowda says that he has held initial talks with the major NSCN (I-M) faction in Geneva. Authorities assert that while the organization’s leaders are eager to hold negotiations, its supporters are opposing the move. Efforts to promote peace are also being supported by the Naga Tribal Council (the Hoho) and NGOs like the Naga Mothers Association (Agence France Presse, 03/04/97; Business Standard, 03/05/97). |
| Apr 1997 |
Inder Kumar Gujral of the United Front becomes Prime Minister following a dispute within the coalition government. |
| May 7, 1997 |
Naga insurgents allegedly kill 11 villagers, including eight Kukis in Manipur’s Senapati district. While the Hindu Meiteis form the majority of Manipur’s population, the Nagas and Kukis each constitute 15 % (Agence France Presse, 05/07/97; India Today, 07/28/97). |
| May 19, 1997 |
Prime Minister Gujral offers to hold unconditional talks with insurgent groups in the northeast. Last year, the government announced a $1.74 billion economic development package for the region (Agence France Presse, 05/19/97; Japan Economic Newswire, 05/21/97). |
| Jun 28, 1997 |
The NSCN (I-M) is expected to hold its second meeting with the government in July in Geneva, Switzerland. In May, the rebel organization publicly stated that it is ready to find a political solution to the decades-long conflict (Agence France Presse, 06/28/97). |
| Jun 30, 1997 |
An Indian news agency claims that Naga insurgents are likely responsible for the ambush of a paramilitary patrol in Nagaland that resulted in six deaths (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 06/30/97). |
| Jul 11, 1997 |
Members of the Kuki tribe kill 10 villagers and burn 50 houses in Manipur. The victims are members of the Paite tribe, which the Kukis believe are supporting their rivals, the Nagas. Since late June, some 70 people have died in Kuki-Paite incidents (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 07/11/97). |
| Jul 25, 1997 |
India announces a three-month ceasefire with the NSCN (I-M) in order to pursue peace talks. Meanwhile, the Chief Minister of Nagaland, S. C. Jamir, will hold unprecedented meetings with tribal leaders in Atlanta, USA, beginning on July 28. The meetings are being sponsored by the Baptist Group of America. The NSCN (I-M), the major faction of the splintered organization, says that it will not attend the Atlanta meetings. The NSCN (K) and the Naga National Council (NNC) are expected to attend (Agence France Presse, 07/25/97; Hindu, 07/27/97). |
| Jul 28, 1997 |
Prime Minister Gujral says that other unnamed Naga insurgent groups have also agreed to suspend their activities to allow talks to proceed (BBC, 07/28/97). |
| Aug 1, 1997 |
A ceasefire between the government and the NSCN (I-M) goes into effect. In the past few days, sporadic clashes between the two sides were reported (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 08/01/97). |
| Aug 5, 1997 |
Some 500,000 people demonstrate in Manipur’s capital, Imphal, to demand that the federal government ensure that its upcoming talks with the NSCN (I-M) will not lead to the territorial dismemberment of the state. Some Nagas favor the creation of a greater Nagaland which would encompass parts of Manipur, Assam, and Arunchal Pradesh (Hindu, 08/05/97). |
| Aug 12, 1997 |
One of the leaders of the NSCN (I-M), Isaac Chisi Swu, claims that the government has accepted in principle the need to unify Naga-inhabited areas in neighboring states under a single administrative unit. Authorities deny the claim (Statesman, 08/12/97). |
| Aug 22, 1997 |
Prime Minister Gujral assures a delegation including Manipur Chief Minister Rishang Keishing that there is no question of changing the state’s territorial integrity (Hindu, 08/22/97). |
| Aug 31, 1997 |
Since a ceasefire between the NSCN (I-M) and the government was announced some five weeks ago, an army soldier and an activist have been gunned down in Nagaland. Several bomb blasts were also reported on August 15, India’s independence day (Statesman, 08/31/97). |
| Sep 1, 1997 |
For the first time in 50 years, hopes have been raised for a final negotiated settlement for India’s longest running insurgency. Analysts believe that a peace agreement with the Nagas could set the foundation for peace in the northeast. The NSCN reportedly provides material and logistical assistance to a number of other insurgent groups in the region (Inter Press Service, 09/01/97). |
| Sep 10, 1997 |
Meetings between Naga and government representatives under the auspices of the Baptist Group of America result in an appeal for all Naga peoples to give up violence (Hindu, 09/10/97). |
| Sep 19, 1997 |
Reports indicate that Kuki tribals killed 10 Naga villagers and burnt more than 20 houses in Manipur. On September 16, armed Nagas reportedly killed two Kuki villagers (Xinhua News Agency, 09/19/97). |
| Sep 23, 1997 |
At least 10 Nagas are gunned down in Manipur’s Tamenglong district, allegedly by Kuki tribals who attacked a local bus (Hindu, 09/23/97). |
| Sep 29, 1997 |
Nagaland Chief Minister S. C. Jamir and two former federal ministers survive an assassination attempt when Naga rebels reportedly fire on their convoy near the capital, Kohima (BBC, 09/29/97). |
| Oct 1997 |
Militants of the NSCN (I-M) lay siege to the Dayang hydro-electric plant in Wokha district for a week. They reportedly left peacefully following New Delhi’s threat to deploy the army. The NSCN (K) holds a 15-day blockade to disrupt supply routes to Zunteboto district, which is allegedly populated by NSCN (I-M) supporters. Last month, the NSCN (I-M) laid siege for a week to the Kuki-dominated Phaipa Jung village (Statesman, 12/09/97). |
| Oct 2, 1997 |
An NSCN (I-M)-called 12-hour strike is held in late September to protest factional feuding among militant groups (Statesman, 10/02/97). |
| Oct 23, 1997 |
Nagaland Chief Minister S. C. Jamir says that in the past three months there have been 104 killings in the state due to insurgent-related activities. He says in past years the annual total was 30-40 deaths (Statesman, 10/23/97). |
| Oct 30, 1997 |
The ceasefire in Nagaland is extended for another three months. Some 120 people were killed during the first ceasefire period. The government states that a mechanism will be established to monitor the truce. There are reported to be around 5500 armed Naga rebels (Hindu and Statesman, 10/30/97). |
| Nov 27, 1997 |
All rival Naga factions announce a complete week-long ceasefire to allow ceremonies to mark the 125th anniversary of the arrival of Christianity in the northeast region. This is first time in five decades such a truce has been reached (Agence France Presse, 11/27/97). |
| Dec 6, 1997 |
The Indian government says that talks with the Nagas are on hold until after federal elections slated for next February and March (Hindu, 12/06/97). |
| Dec 10, 1997 |
Nagas reportedly kill 10 Kuki tribal members and torch 110 houses in four villages in Ukhrul district, Manipur (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 12/10/97). |
| Dec 22, 1997 |
Nagas are allegedly responsible for the deaths of 7 Kukis when a bus is ambushed near Manipur’s capital, Imphal (Deutsche Presse- Agentur, 12/22/97). |
| Jan 18, 1998 |
Reports indicate that drug and alcohol abuse is spreading in Nagaland and that there are few job opportunities for a new generation of young people. The state’s budget mostly comes from New Delhi and corruption is reportedly widespread (Hindu, 01/18/98). |
| Feb 5, 1998 |
The Naga Hoho (tribal council) and a number of non-governmental organizations ask Naga politicians in Manipur to resign their seats and not to contest the upcoming elections. They fear that the polls will hurt the peace process. Opposition political parties in Nagaland have asked that the elections be postponed while the NSCN (I-M) has called for a boycott (Hindu, 02/05/98). |
| Feb 8, 1998 |
The Congress Party maintains power in Nagaland as it is elected unopposed in 43/60 seats. The opposition boycotted the polls fearing it might disrupt ongoing talks between the federal government and Naga rebel groups. Only Congress members and independents contest the remaining 17 seats, 8 of which are won by the Congress (Agence France Presse, 02/08/98; Statesman, 03/29/98). |
| Mar 1998 |
The Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party forms a federal government. Atal Behari Vajpayee becomes Prime Minister. |
| Mar 10, 1998 |
Kuki militants are suspected in the deaths of 8 Naga villagers in Ukhrul district, Manipur (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 03/10/98). |
| Mar 24, 1998 |
Nagaland Chief Minister S C Jamir calls for all factions to unite before holding a dialogue with the federal government. He says his government is ready to resign if a settlement is reached (Statesman, 03/24/98). |
| Apr 19, 1998 |
Eight soldiers are reportedly killed by members of the NSCN (K). The rebels assert that they will continue their offensive until India withdraws from Naga areas. The ceasefire between the government and the NSCN (I-M) is now being monitored by a 10-person panel which was established in February. No major violations have been reported since the ceasefire came into effect last August (Statesman, 04/19/98; BBC, 04/27/98). |
| May 1998 |
Representatives of the NSCN (I-M) and the new Hindu-nationalist BJP government meet. No substantive progress is reported (Hindu, 06/16/98). |
| May 15, 1998 |
The United Front of Assam (ULFA), which is fighting for an independent state in Assam, warns the NSCN (I-M) about encroaching on Assamese territory. The warning follows the reported killing of a family member of an ULFA leader by the NSCN (I-M). Rebel demands for a greater Nagaland include territory that is currently part of Assam, Manipur, and Arunchal Pradesh (Statesman, 05/15/98). |
| Jun 7, 1998 |
Thousand of Nagas demonstrate against a government plan to create a new Kuki-dominant revenue district in Manipur. The United Naga Council and the All Naga Students Association of Manipur has also imposed an economic blockade in Manipur to protest the measure. The Nagas assert that the region, the Sadar Hills, is a part of their historical region and that the proposal is just a ploy to advance the creation of a Kuki homeland (Hindu, 06/07/98; Statesman, 05/26/98). |
| Jul 21, 1998 |
Some 450 inmates riot in a Manipur jail to protest the custodial death of a Naga militant. They assert that although he was ill, he was not taken to a hospital (Statesman, 07/21/98). |
| Aug 31, 1998 |
At a July meeting between representatives of the federal government and the NSCN (I-M), the ceasefire was extended for one year (Statesman, 08/31/98). |
| Sep 2, 1998 |
The NSCN (K) is blaming the Isaac-Muivah faction for the deaths of four people in the past week in the capital Kohima. It says that some of them were group members and it accused the security forces of aiding the NSCN (I-M). The Khaplang faction says the unification of all Nagas is required for any progress in talks with the government. In neighboring Manipur, 7 organizations, including Naga bodies, call for a state-wide strike to protest police firing that resulted in 5 deaths (Statesman, 09/02/98). |
| Oct 4, 1998 |
The leaders of the NSCN (I-M), Isaac Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah, meet with Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee in Paris. Vajpayee reportedly stated that secession was not an option as talks must be held within the framework of the constitution (Hindu, 10/04/98). |
| Oct 17, 1998 |
Members of the Kuki tribe allegedly kill 11 civilians, including 9 Nagas, in Tamenglong district in Manipur (Statesman, 10/17/98). |
| Nov 13, 1998 |
The army extends the ceasefire to include the NSCN (K) faction for a period of two months. The move follows appeals from the Naga Hoho (tribal council) and NGOS who have been trying to reconcile the various Naga militant groups. The army says that only a few isolated incidents have been reported since the ceasefire with the NSCN (I-M) came into effect last August (BBC, 11/13/98; Statesman, 11/09/98). |
| Nov 28, 1998 |
Six people are dead following recent clashes between members of the two NSCN factions (Statesman, 11/28/98). |
| Dec 2, 1998 |
The United Naga Council in Manipur organizes a general strike to protest a government move to create a new revenue district in the Sadar Hills. The district would have a majority Kuki population (Hindu, 12/02/98). |
| Dec 26, 1998 |
The NSCN (K) declares a unilateral ceasefire for 20 days and meets with Nagaland’s Chief Minister Jamir to show its willingness to open peace talks. Observers indicate that there is an overwhelming desire for peace among Nagas of all tribes (Hindu, 12/26/98). |
| Jan 18, 1999 |
The Naga Peoples Movement for Human Rights condemns atrocities against Christians by Hindu militants in various parts of the country (Statesman, 01/18/99). |
| Mar 29, 1999 |
Hundreds of women protest in Kohima against last week’s rape of a girl by two men. The All-Nagaland Taxi Association calls for a 48-hour strike as well (BBC, 03/31/99). |
| May 11, 1999 |
Naga students blockade a road in Manipur. No reason is given but both factions of the NSCN have been collecting taxes in both Nagaland and Manipur (Hindu, 05/11/99). |
| May 12, 1999 |
Reports indicate that both factions of the NSCN have agreed to end their rivalry and that a cooling off period is also in effect between the NSCN (I-M) and the Naga National Council (its armed wing is the Federal Government of Nagaland) (Statesman, 05/12/99). |
| May 18, 1999 |
After 33 years in exile, the leaders of the NSCN (I-M), Isaac Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah visit Nagaland to promote unification among the various Naga groups (Statesman, 05/18/99). |
| Jun 1, 1999 |
Some dozen Kukis kill 9 Nagas in a bus attack near Imphal, Manipur. In the last five years, Naga-Kuki violence has led to at least 1000 deaths (Agence France Presse, 06/01/99). |
| Jun 9, 1999 |
While visiting Nagaland, the leaders of the NSCN (I-M), Swu and Muivah, assert that sovereignty must be the basis for talks with the central government. A 1997 referendum in Naga areas reportedly resulted in a 99% vote in favor of independence (Statesman, 06/09/99). |
| Jun 14, 1999 |
The NSCN (I-M) offers a 45-day amnesty for members of the NSCN (K) to return to its fold. The NSCN split in 1988. Meanwhile, it is reported that the last round of talks between the NSCN (I-M) and the federal government were held in March in Amsterdam (India Today, 06/14/99). |
| Jul 11, 1999 |
No progress is reported in efforts to end the dispute between the two factions of the NSCN following a three-day consultative meeting. It was partly organized by the Naga Hoho (tribal council) (Statesman, 07/11/99). |
| Jul 27, 1999 |
The NSCN (unknown which faction) allegedly kills 8 people when it opens fire on a police patrol in Assam. This past weekend, the NSCN (I-M) and federal representatives held talks in Amsterdam (AAP Newsfeed, 07/27/99). |
| Aug 4, 1999 |
The ceasefire between the government and the NSCN (I-M) is extended for another year. Reports indicate that the NSCN (I-M) has been able to regroup in the past two years and still has not stopped its recruitment. The organization has also renamed itself as the Nagaland Socialist Council of Nagalim. The term Nagalim refers to a greater Nagaland which encompasses Nagaland and parts of Assam, Manipur, and Arunchal Pradesh (Hindu, 08/04/99; Statesman, 07/30/99). |
| Sep 3, 1999 |
More than 1000 Burmese Christian Nagas flee into India asserting that the Burmese junta and Buddhist monks are pressuring them to convert to Buddhism (Asiaweek, 09/03/99). |
| Sep 4, 1999 |
Clashes between the two NSCN factions have led some 500 businessmen and government officials to flee Nagaland and take refuge in Assam. Last week, some 10 NSCN members and civilians were killed (Agence France Presse, 09/04/99). |
| Jul 1 - 1, 2004 |
Naga rebels and security forces exchanged fire after police attempted to evict Naga villagers from a disputed area. A magistrate died and three policemen were injured. (Associated Press Worldstream, 7/01/2004, “Magistrate killed, three police wounded in clash with separatist rebels in India’s northeast”) |
| Jun 20 - Aug 12, 2005 |
Activists from the All Naga Students Association of Manipur (ANSAM) responded to the declaration of a "State Integrity Day" by blockading main routes into Manipur. (Indian Express, 8/11/2005, "For now, Naga students call off Manipur blockade") |
| Jan 8 - 9, 2007 |
The NSCN-IM, a Naga organization, attacked its rival NSCN-K, killing two. The NSCN-IM has been quoted saying “we shall confront the force of evil at all cost” in regards to the NSCN-K. (Hindustan Times, 01/16/2007, “More blood may flow again in Nagaland: NNC”)
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